Evaluate and compare the basic file system features and options

Print out disk free space in a human readable format: df -h

See which file system type each partition is: df -T

See more details with file command about individual devices: file -sL /dev/sda1

Or: sudo fdisk -l /dev/sda1

File system fatures:

ext, "Extended Filesystem", old, deprecated
ext2, no journaling, max file size 2TB, lower writes to disk = good for USB sticks etc
ext3, journaling (journal, ordered, writeback), max file size 2TB; journaling, i.e. file changes and metadata are written to a journal before being committed; if a system crashes during an operation, the journal can be used to bring back the system files quicker with lower likeliness of corrupted files
ext4, from 2008, supports up to 16TB file size, can turn off journaling optionally
fat, from Microsoft, no journaling, max file size 4 GB
tmpfs, temporary file system used on many Unix-like filesystems, mounted and structured like a disk-based filesystem, but resides in volatile memory space, similar to a RAM disk
xfs, excels at parallel I/O, data consistency, and overall filesystem performance, well suited for real-time applications, due to a unique feature which allows it to maintain guaranteed data I/O bandwidth, originally created to support extremely large filesystems with sizes of up to 16 exabytes and file sizes of up to 8 exabytes
btrfs, a copy-on-write filesystem for Linux aimed at implementing advanced features while focusing on fault tolerance, repair, and easy administration, although it has some features that make it unstable.